Effects of auriculotherapy on muscle fatigue: A randomized crossover trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed investigate the effect of auriculotherapy on exercise-induced muscle fatigue, isometric torque production, and surface electromyographic activity (EMG). METHODS: Design: Randomized Crossover Trial. The sample consisted of 18 males' volunteers who exercised at least twice a week. THE SAMPLE WAS RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO TWO GROUPS: Placebo Group (n = 9) and Treated Group (n = 9), and after seven days, the groups were crossed. The data analysis included 18 participants in each group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The muscle fatigue index, force production rate, and EMG of the quadriceps were used for evaluation. The evaluation moments included baseline pre-fatigue, baseline post-fatigue, 48 h post-intervention pre-fatigue, and 48 h post-intervention post-fatigue. Mixed two-way test ANOVA was used to compare times and groups. RESULTS: The fatigue index for peak torque and work showed no significant effect on time, groups, or interaction (p > 0.05). However, for isometric torque, force production rate, and EMG median frequency and average, the results indicate a positive change in values over time (p < 0.05) (with little practical relevance), with no differences observed between the groups or interaction (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, auriculotherapy had no effect on exercise-induced muscle fatigue, isometric torque production, and surface electromyographic activity.

Trends and associations between kinesiophobia and knee function from preoperatively to three and six months postoperatively in patients post-ACL reconstruction surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the transition of kinesiophobia and knee joint function from the preoperative period to three months postoperative, the time to resume running, six months post-ACLR, and the goal time to resume sports. METHODS: 54 patients who underwent initial ACLR were included in this study. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11) was used to assess kinesiophobia. One-way ANOVA was performed for the preoperative, three-month postoperative, and six-month postoperative endpoints. To examine changes in knee function associated with changes in TSK-11, we calculated correlations between the differences at each time point. RESULTS: TSK-11 decreased significantly at both three and six months postoperatively compared with the preoperative level, but there was no significant change between three months and six months postoperatively. Similar to the decrease in TSK-11 from preoperatively to three and six months postoperatively, there was an improvement in flexion ROM, Pain, Subjective knee function, but none of these changed significantly from three to six months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: There may be significant improvements in knee function associated with TSK-11 reduction up to three months postoperatively.

Effect of verbal instructions on trunk muscle activity during volitional preemptive abdominal contraction.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of Verbal Instruction (VI) strategies on trunk muscle contraction among healthy subjects. The effect of three VI Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver (ADIM) and two VI Abdominal Bracing Maneuver (ABM) strategies on left Internal (LIO) and External Oblique (LEO) and bilateral superficial Multifidi (sMf) activation was examined. DESIGN: Within-subjects, repeated measure design. METHODS: Surface EMG (sEMG) measured LIO, LEO, and sMf activity in 28 subjects (mean age 23.5 ± 5.5 years). Testing included five supine hook-lying and five quiet standing conditions. RESULTS: One-way ANOVAs demonstrated no significant main effect for ADIM or ABM in supine or standing (p > .05). Muscle activation amplitudes during VPAC conditions demonstrated higher mean values for standing versus supine (p < .05) except for two conditions involving LEO. Friedman Tests for dominant strategy demonstrated a significant main effect for ADIM-VI and ABM-VI strategies. Post-hoc testing generally showed the dominant strategy to be significantly higher versus others. CONCLUSION: No single preferred VI cue for ADIM or ABM was observed. Each subject's dominant strategy dictated the most suitable VI. Standing was preferred for LIO and sMf activation, whereas position did not change LEO activation. Non-significant correlations between all muscle pairings during all ADIM and ABM strategies were observed. These findings may suggest the need for healthcare providers who understand the intricacies of trunk stability to teach and monitor VPAC with either ADIM or ABM options.

A machine learning system to identify progress level of dry rot disease in potato tuber based on digital thermal image processing.

This study proposed a quick and reliable thermography-based method for detection of healthy potato tubers from those with dry rot disease and also determination of the level of disease development. The dry rot development inside potato tubers was classified based on the Wiersema Criteria, grade 0 to 3. The tubers were heated at 60 and 90 °C, and then thermal images were taken 10, 25, 40, and 70 s after heating. The surface temperature of the tubers was measured to select the best treatment for thermography, and the treatment with the highest thermal difference in each class was selected. The results of variance analysis of tuber surface temperature showed that tuber surface temperature was significantly different due to the severity of disease development inside the tuber. Total of 25 thermal images were prepared for each class, and then Otsu's threshold method was employed to remove the background. Their histograms were extracted from the red, green, and blue surfaces, and, finally, six features were extracted from each histogram. Moreover, the co-occurrence matrix was extracted at four angles from the gray level images and five features were extracted from each co-occurrence matrix. Totally, each thermograph was described by 38 features. These features were used to implement the artificial neural networks and the support vector machine in order to classify and diagnose the severity of the disease. The results showed that the sensitivity of the models in the diagnosis of healthy tubers was 96 and 100%, respectively. The overall accuracy of the models in detecting the severity of tuber tissue destruction was 93 and 97%, respectively. The proposed methodology as an accurate, nondestructive, fast, and applicable system reduces the potato loss by rapid detection of the disease of the tubers.

Stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is closely linked to trophic modes in orchids.

BACKGROUND: Mycorrhiza is a ubiquitous form of symbiosis based on the mutual, beneficial exchange of resources between roots of autotrophic (AT) plants and heterotrophic soil fungi throughout a complex network of fungal mycelium. Mycoheterotrophic (MH) and mixotrophic (MX) plants can parasitise this system, gaining all or some (respectively) required nutrients without known reciprocity to the fungus. We applied, for the first time, an ecological stoichiometry framework to test whether trophic mode of plants influences their elemental carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) composition and may provide clues about their biology and evolution within the framework of mycorrhizal network functioning. RESULTS: We analysed C:N:P stoichiometry of 24 temperate orchid species and P concentration of 135 species from 45 plant families sampled throughout temperate and intertropical zones representing the three trophic modes (AT, MX and MH). Welch's one-way ANOVA and PERMANOVA were used to compare mean nutrient values and their proportions among trophic modes, phylogeny, and climate zones. Nutrient concentration and stoichiometry significantly differentiate trophic modes in orchids. Mean foliar C:N:P stoichiometry showed a gradual increase of N and P concentration and a decrease of C: nutrients ratio along the trophic gradient AT < MX < MH, with surprisingly high P requirements of MH orchids. Although P concentration in orchids showed the trophy-dependent pattern regardless of climatic zone, P concentration was not a universal indicator of trophic modes, as shown by ericaceous MH and MX plants. CONCLUSION: The results imply that there are different evolutionary pathways of adaptation to mycoheterotrophic nutrient acquisition, and that the high nutrient requirements of MH orchids compared to MH plants from other families may represent a higher cost to the fungal partner and consequently lead to the high fungal specificity observed in MH orchids.

Spectral CT - a new supplementary method for preoperative assessment of pathological grades of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Spectral CT imaging parameters have been reported to be useful in the differentiation of pathological grades in different malignancies. This study aims to investigate the value of spectral CT in the quantitative assessment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with different degrees of differentiation. METHODS: There were 191 patients with proven ESCC who underwent enhanced spectral CT from June 2018 to March 2020 retrospectively enrolled. These patients were divided into three groups based on pathological results: well differentiated ESCC, moderately differentiated ESCC, and poorly differentiated ESCC. Virtual monoenergetic 40 keV-equivalent image (VMI40keV), iodine concentration (IC), water concentration (WC), effective atomic number (Eff-Z), and the slope of the spectral curve(λHU) of the arterial phase (AP) and venous phase (VP) were measured or calculated. The quantitative parameters of the three groups were compared by using one-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons were performed with LSD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of these parameters in poorly differentiated groups and non-poorly differentiated groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences in VMI40keV, IC, Eff-Z, and λHU in AP and VP among the three groups (all p < 0.05) except for WC (p > 0.05). The VMI40keV, IC, Eff-Z, and λHU in the poorly differentiated group were significantly higher than those in the other groups both in AP and VP (all p < 0.05). In the ROC analysis, IC performed the best in the identification of the poorly differentiated group and non-poorly differentiated group in VP (AUC = 0.729, Sensitivity = 0.829, and Specificity = 0.569 under the threshold of 21.08 mg/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative parameters of spectral CT could offer supplemental information for the preoperative differential diagnosis of ESCC with different degrees of differentiation.

Eficácia de uma intervenção online para prevenção da ansiedade: um ensaio clínico / Efectividad de una intervención online para prevención de ansiedad: un ensayo clínico / Efficacy of an online intervention for anxiety prevention: a clinical trial

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness, and the sustained effect (follow-up) of a fourweek mindfulness intervention in reducing anxiety and stress in a group of Brazilian university students, the intervention was adapted to be made available through the application Neurosaúde, created as part of this work to serve as a platform for intervention. The research as a whole took place in a virtual environment, with forty-eight participants recruited who were randomly allocated to the intervention group or to the waiting list control. Measures were used to access the levels of mindfulness, anxiety and stress before, after the intervention and at the 4-week follow-up. Applying the intention-to-treat analysis, we found significant differences between the groups for the measurement of anxiety in the follow-up with a large feat size (F (2.92) = 10.275, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.183). Our results suggest that the 4-week mindfulness intervention through a mobile application was able to act as a protective factor against the anxiety developed by university students during the occurrence of the pandemic caused by Covid-19, whereas while the treatment group maintained levels reduced anxiety the control group demonstrated a continuous increase in anxiety in the post-test and follow-up that coincided with the first wave of Covid-19 in the region where the participants lived.

El propósito de este estudio fue probar la eficacia y el efecto sostenido (seguimiento) de una intervención de atención plena de cuatro semanas para reducir la ansiedad y el estrés en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios brasileños, la intervención se adaptó para estar disponible a través del app. Neurosaúde, creada como parte de este trabajo para servir como plataforma de intervención. La investigación en su conjunto se llevó a cabo en un entorno virtual, siendo reclutados cuarenta y ocho participantes que fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo de intervención o al control en lista de espera. Se utilizaron medidas para evaluar los niveles de atención plena, ansiedad y estrés antes, después de la intervención y en el seguimiento a las 4 semanas. Al aplicar el análisis por intención de tratar, encontramos diferencias significativas entre los grupos para la medida de ansiedad en el seguimiento con un tamaño de efecto grande (F (2.92) = 10.275, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.183). Nuestros resultados sugieren que la intervención de mindfulness de 4 semanas a través de una aplicación móvil fue capaz de actuar como factor protector contra la ansiedad desarrollada por estudiantes universitarios durante la ocurrencia de la pandemia de Covid-19, ya que mientras el grupo de tratamiento mantuvo niveles, el grupo control demostró un aumento continuo de la ansiedad en el postest y seguimiento que coincidió con la primera ola de Covid-19 en la región donde residían los participantes.

O propósito deste estudo foi testar a eficácia e o efeito sustentado (follow-up) de uma intervenção de mindfulness de quatro semanas na redução da ansiedade e estresse em um grupo de estudantes universitários brasileiros. A intervenção foi adaptada para ser disponibilizada pelo aplicativo Neurosaúde, criado como parte deste trabalho para servir de plataforma para a intervenção. A pesquisa como um todo ocorreu em ambiente virtual, sendo recrutados 48 participantes que foram alocados randomicamente para o grupo intervenção ou para o controle de lista de espera. Medidas foram utilizadas para acessar os níveis de mindfulness, ansiedade e estresse antes, após a intervenção e no follow-up de quatro semanas. Aplicando a análise por intenção de tratar, encontramos diferenças significativas entre os grupos para a medida de ansiedade no follow-up com um tamanho de efeito grande (F (2.92) = 10.275, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.183). Nossos resultados sugerem que a intervenção de mindfulness de quatro semanas por meio de um aplicativo móvel foi capaz de agir como um fator protetor contra a ansiedade desenvolvida pelos estudantes universitários durante a ocorrência da pandemia causada pelo Covid-19, visto que, enquanto o grupo tratamento manteve níveis reduzidos de ansiedade, o grupo controle demonstrou um contínuo aumento de ansiedade no pós-teste e follow-up que coincidiu com a primeira onda de Covid-19 na região onde os participantes residiam.

Ação antifúngica e potencial antibiofilme de diferentes terapias alternativas frente a leveduras do gênero candida / Antifungal action and antibiofilm potential of different alternative therapies against yeasts of the genus candida

As candidoses usualmente são tratadas com antifúngicos. No entanto, o efeito desses fármacos é usualmente comprometido pela resistência microbiana e pelos efeitos adversos ocasionados. Nesse sentido, o aumento da prevalência e a complexidade de microrganismos multirresistentes a antimicrobianos têm incitado a busca por terapias complementares e alternativas capazes de atuar efetivamente frente à resistência emergente aos medicamentos. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar comparativamente a ação antimicrobiana e o potencial antibiofilme, in vitro, entre a terapia fotodinâmica antimirobiana (TFDA) com azul de metileno, a fitoterapia, utilizando o extrato hidroetanólico de Spondias mombin L (EHSM), e o probiótico Lactobacillus rhamnosus (PLR) no controle de leveduras do gênero Candida, sendo elas: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis e Candida parapsilosis. Trata-se de um estudo experimental, in vitro, analítico e quantitativo, em que foram investigadas, em triplicata, a atividade inibidora do crescimento microbiano e a atividade antibiofilme das seguintes terapias alternativas: TFDA, EHSM e PLR, utilizando como controle positivo a Nistatina 100.000UI/mL. Quanto à análise estatística, além da interpretação descritiva, foi aplicado o teste Two-Way ANOVA e o Teste de Tukey. Dessa forma, observou-se que todas as terapias testadas exibiram atividades antifúngica e antibiofilme. Todavia, quando comparadas tais atividades entre elas e ainda com a Nistatina, verificou-se que: a TFDA apresentou a maior atividade inibitória de crescimento microbiano (p<0,05), semelhante a Nistatina, seguida pelo EHSM, exibindo o PLR a menor atividade antifúngica e a TFDA juntamente com o EHSM representaram as terapias com maior atividade antibiofilme (p<0,0001), atuando ambas de forma semelhante a Nistatina. Nesse sentido, foi possível concluir que todas as terapias estudadas possuem atividades antifúngica e antibiofilme frente às cepas do gênero Candida testadas, com destaque para a atividade inibidora de crescimento microbiano da TFDA e a atividade antibiofilme da TFDA e do EHSM, sendo tais atividades semelhantes às atividades da Nistatina (AU).

Candidoses are usually treated with antifungals. However, the effect of these drugs is usually compromised by microbial resistance and adverse effects. In this sense, the increase in the prevalence and complexity of multidrug-resistant microorganisms to antimicrobials have incited the search for complementary and alternative therapies capable of acting effectively against the emerging resistance to medicines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial action and antibiofilm potential, in vitro, between antimyrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) with methylene blue, phytotherapy, using hydroethanolic extract of Spondias mombin L (EHSM)and the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (PLR) in the control of yeasts of the genus Candida: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. This is an experimental, in vitro, analytical and quantitative study in which the inhibitory activity of microbial growth and antibiofilm activity of the following alternative therapies were investigated in triplicate: TFDA, EHSM and PLR, using 100.000UI/mL as positive control. Regarding the statistical analysis, in addition to the descriptive interpretation, the Two-Way ANOVA test and the Tukey test were applied. Thus, it was observed that all therapies tested exhibited antifungal and antibiofilm activities. However, when comparing these activities between them and still with Nystatin, it was found that: TFDA showed the highest inhibitory activity of microbial growth (p <0.05), similar to Nystatin, followed by the EHSM, exhibiting the PLR the lowest antifungal activity and the TFDA together with the EHSM represented the therapies with higher antibiofilm activity (p <0.0001), acting both similarly to Nystatin. In this sense, it was possible to conclude that all the therapies studied have antifungal and antibiofilm activities against the strains of the genus Candida tested, especially the inhibitory activity of microbial growth of TFDA and the antibiofilm activity of TFDA and EHSM, similar to the activities of Nistatina (AU).

Avaliação do efeito anti-inflamatório do extrato de Spondias Mombin L. Em um modelo experimental de periodontite / Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of Spondias Mombin L. extract in an experimental model of periodontitis

A doença periodontal (DP) é uma doença crônica de caráter inflamatório multifatorial, que acomete somente os tecidos de proteção (gengivite) ou os tecidos de proteção e sustentação dentárias (periodontite). O extrato hidroetanólico de Spondias mombin L. (EHSM) vem se destacando em função de sua eficácia antimicrobiana frente a patógenos bucais e de suas atividades anti-inflamatória e antioxidante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antiinflamatório do EHSM em um modelo experimental de periodontite. Foi realizado um ensaio pré-clínico, controlado e in vivo, utilizando-se 61 ratos wistar machos, distribuídos aleatoriamente nos seguintes grupos: salina (n=7); DP (n=14); DP + SM 50mg/ml (n=12); DP + SM 100mg/kg (n=13) e DP + SM 200mg/kg (n=15). Foi realizada a gavagem diariamente desde o dia da indução da periodontite até o 11º dia experimental (eutanásia). Amostras sanguíneas, gengivais e maxilares foram obtidas e destinadas para as análises bioquímica, quantitativa de citocinas (IL-1ß e IL-6), histológica e microtomográfica computadorizada. Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste paramétrico ANOVA, seguido pelo teste T de student e o teste não paramétrico de Kruskall-Wallis. A administração do EHSM não causou alterações sistêmicas nos animais, mostrando-se capaz de reduzir a concentração de IL-6, na dose de 50mg/kg (p<0,05), e de IL-1ß, na dose de 100mg/kg (p<0,01), assim como reduziu a reabsorção óssea e aumentou a integridade óssea em animais que receberam o EHSM nas concentrações de 100mg/kg (p<0,05) e 200mg/kg (p<0,001). Ademais, os animais submetidos à gavagem oral com o extrato na concentração de 200mg/kg (p<0,01) apresentou os melhores resultados histológicos, com infiltrado inflamatório escasso, restrito à gengiva marginal, e preservação do ligamento periodontal e do osso alveolar. Como conclusão, os achados deste estudo indicam que o EHSM, nas diferentes concentrações testadas, apresenta efeito anti-inflamatório local em um modelo experimental in vivo de periodontite, sem causar toxicidade sistêmica, apontando assim para o potencial uso do referido extrato no tratamento dessa doença (AU).

Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic disease with a multifactorial inflammatory nature, which exclusively affects the protective tissues (gingivitis) or the tissues that protect and support the teeth (periodontitis). The hydroethanolic extract of Spondias mombin L. (HESM) has been highlighted due to its antimicrobial action against oral pathogens and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of HESM in an experimental model of periodontitis. A pre-clinical, controlled and in vivo test was carried out, using 61 male Wistar rats, randomly distributed in the following groups: saline (n=7); PD (n=14); PD + MS 50mg/ml (n=12); PD + MS 100mg/kg (n=13) and PD + MS 200mg/kg (n=15). Gavage was performed daily from the day of periodontitis induction to the 11th experimental day (euthanasia). Blood, gingival and jaw samples were transferred and sent for biochemical, quantitative cytokine (IL-1ß and IL-6), histological and computerized microtomographic analyses. For statistical analysis, the parametric ANOVA test was used, followed by Student's t test and the non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test. The administration of HESM did not cause systemic diseases in the animals, being able to reduce the concentration of IL-6, at a dose of 50mg/kg (p<0.05), and of IL-1ß, at a dose of 100mg/kg (p<0.01), as well as bone resorption and increased bone integrity in animals that received HESM at concentrations of 100mg/kg (p<0.05) and 200mg/kg (p<0.001). In addition, the animals confirmed by oral gavage with the extract at a concentration of 200mg/kg (p<0.01) showed the best histological results, with limited infiltration, restricted to the marginal gingiva, and preservation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that HESM, at different concentrations, presents local antiinflammatory activity in an experimental in vivo model of periodontitis, without causing systemic toxicity, thus pointing to the potential use of the aforementioned extract in the treatment of this disease (AU).

Impact of Watson's human caring-based health promotion program on caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Caring for people with schizophrenia is accompanied by challenges that impact caregiver health. We conducted this study to explore the effect of a Caring Science-Based health promotion program on the sense of coherence and well-being among caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial with the Solomon four-group design was conducted on 72 caregivers randomly allocated into two intervention and two control groups. A health promotion program based on Watson's theory was performed individually through five face-to-face sessions and a four-week follow-up. Settings were the psychiatric centers of the three educational, specialty, and subspecialty Ibn-e-Sina, Moharary, and Hafez hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), south of Iran. The data were collected using a demographic information form, the Sense of Coherence Scale, and the Caregiver Well-Being Scale. One-way ANOVA, chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and independent t-test were used to determine the homogeneity at baseline. In the post-test, multiple between-groups and pairwise comparisons were assessed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc. Within-group comparisons were evaluated using paired t-tests. All tests were two-tailed, and the statistical level was considered 0.05. RESULTS: Data analysis showed that the mean scores of caregiver sense of coherence and well-being from pre-intervention to post-intervention were significantly increased in the intervention groups (p < 0.001). At the same time, there were no significant differences in the control groups. CONCLUSION: The health promotion program based on Watson's human caring theory facilitated ongoing intrapersonal, and holistic caring and improved the sense of coherence and well-being in caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Hence, this intervention is recommended for developing healing care programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://www.irct.ir/trial/55040 : IRCT20111105008011N2 (11/04/2021).

High intensity-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation does not inhibit temporal summation of the nociceptive flexion reflex.

Pain facilitation contributes to chronic pain conditions. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is used to alleviate pain. The effects of conventional TENS on chronic pain have been limited, and its effects on pain facilitation are controversial. Because the analgesic effects of TENS depend on the setting parameters (e.g., pulse intensities or treatment time), the optimal TENS settings to maximize analgesic effects under various pain conditions have been investigated. High-intensity TENS (HI-TENS), which involves tolerable-level pulse intensities for a short duration, is another conventional TENS method that used to alleviate pain. However, the effects of HI-TENS on pain facilitation remain unclear. The temporal summation of pain is widely used to evaluate pain facilitation, and the temporal summation-nociceptive flexion reflex (TS-NFR) is a neuropsychological parameter that can be used to evaluate pain facilitation. We aimed to investigate the effects of HI-TENS on the TS-NFR in healthy participants. Participants were randomly allocated into HI-TENS (n = 15) and control groups (n = 16). HI-TENS was administered at the left lateral lower leg for 1 min. The TS-NFR elicited by three noxious stimuluses at the left sural nerve was obtained from electromyography of the left biceps femoris. The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) was obtained by a single noxious stimulus. We measured the thresholds of the NFR and the TS-NFR at baseline and post-intervention. The application of HI-TENS significantly increased the NFR threshold (p = 0.013) but not the TS-NFR threshold (p > 0.05). These results suggest that HI-TENS does not inhibit pain facilitation.

The effect of different staining solutions on the color stability of temporary crown materials.

Background: The esthetic expectations of patients are increasing by the day. That is why it is important to minimize the color changes in the oral cavity in both the temporary and permanent restorations. Aim: This study was carried out to compare the time-dependent color changes of polished and unpolished temporary crown materials prepared by different methods in various solutions. Materials and Methods: Half of the two different temporary restoration materials prepared with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm were polished, and half were not polished. The ΔE* values of the samples kept in various solutions were recorded. Data were statistically evaluated by using variance analysis (ANOVA) and a Tukey HSD multiple comparison test. Results: It was determined that the material type, the solution, the interaction between the material types and the surface treatment, and the interaction between the surface treatment and the solution were statistically significant for color change (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The most significant color change in the inter-material evaluation was observed in chemically polymerized polymethyl methacrylate. In the evaluation between beverages, the highest color change was found in sugared coffee, and the lesser color change was observed in polished samples.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização fisico-química de um selante resinoso com propriedades antimicrobianas associadas à incorporação do extrato do caule de Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) / Development and physicochemical characterization of a resinous sealant with antimicrobial properties associated with the incorporation of Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) stem extract

Introdução: os selantes resinosos possuem atividade preventiva e terapêutica da cárie dentária oclusal através da criação de uma barreira física que impede a adesão de biofilme. Não existem relatos destes materiais com propriedades antimicrobianas e, neste ensejo, a adição de princípios ativos obtidos de fitoterápicos configura como uma opção possível para resolver esta limitação. Objetivos: avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano do selante Fluroshield® enriquecido com o extrato do caule de Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna), bem como, a liberação do princípio ativo, grau de conversão, resistência de união imediata ao esmalte e padrão de falha dos materiais experimentais. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo experimental in vitro. As cascas da Braúna foram secas a 40 ± 1 °C e o extrato etanólico foi obtido por percolação do pó da casca da Schinopsis brasiliensis. O selante comercial Fluroshield® (Dentsply) foi enriquecido com as proporções em massa (g) [0% (Controle), 20%, 10%, 5%, 2,5% e 1,25%]. Foi realizada a avaliação da Atividade antimicrobiana, a liberação do princípio ativo foi aferida através de Ultra Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Performance (UHPLC), o grau de conversão (GC) através do Micro-Raman, a resistência de união (RU) imediata ao esmalte foi avaliada através do microcisalhamento e padrão de fratura através de análise em estereomicroscópio. Os valores finais foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade Shapiro-Wilky (p > 0,05) e Levene. Os dados paramétricos foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA one-way) com pós-teste de Tukey (p <0,05) e os não paramétricos através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis com pós-teste de Dunn's através do software GraphPad Prism 8 e Microsoft Excel 2018. Resultados: materiais com maior % de extrato apresentaram menor GC, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para RU entre os diferentes grupos, o padrão de fratura predominante foi adesiva, houve liberação do princípio ativo em meio aquoso em todos os materiais e os grupos com 20% e 10% de extrato em massa foram capazes de inibir a formação de biofilme de maneira semelhante ao controle positivo (clorexidina 0,12%). Conclusão: a adição do extrato de Schinopsis brasiliensis em concentrações entre 10% e 20% apresenta-se como uma alternativa promissora para a obtenção de propriedades antimicrobianas em selantes resinosos (AU).

Introduction: dental sealants have a preventive and therapeutic activity in the prevention and treatment of dental caries. However, there are no reports of these materials with antimicrobial properties and the addition of phytotherapy molecules would be an option to solve this limitation. Objectives: to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the Fluroshield™ sealant with the addition of the stem extract of Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna), as well as the potential for releasing the active ingredient, degree of conversion and immediate enamel bond strength. Methodology: this is an experimental in vitro study. Braúna barks were dried at 40 ± 1 °C and the ethanolic extract was obtained by percolation of Schinopsis brasiliensis bark powder. The commercial sealant Fluroshield™ was enriched with the proportions by mass (g) [0% (Control), 20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1.25%]. The evaluation of the Inhibition of Biofilm Formation was carried out, the release of the active principle was measured with Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC), the immediate bond strength (BS) to the dental tissue was evaluated with microshear and the degree of conversion (DC) with Micro-Raman. Final values were submitted to Shapiro-Wilky (p > 0.05) and Levene normality tests. Parametric data were submitted to analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) with Tukey's post-test (p <0.05) and nonparametric data through the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test using the GraphPad Prism software 8 and Microsoft Excel 2018. Results: materials with a higher % of extract had a lower DC, there was no statistically significant difference for BS between the different groups, there was release of the active principle in all materials and groups with 20% and 10 % of extract by mass were able to inhibit biofilm formation similarly to the positive control (0.12% chlorhexidine). Conclusion: the addition of Schinopsis brasiliensis extract in concentrations between 10% and 20% is a promising alternative for obtaining antimicrobial properties in resin sealants (AU).

Effect of Ozonated Water on the Color Stability of Denture Teeth and Heat Polymerized Acrylic Base Resin

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of ozonated water on the color stability of denture tooth and denture bases. Material and Methods: Thirty denture base discs consisting of 15 Acropars and 15 ProBase Hot specimens with the dimensions of 40 × 5 mm were prepared. Fifteen denture teeth in shade A1 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were mounted in a specific acrylic jig. All specimens were immersed in three solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, ozonated water, and distilled water) for four months (one year of clinical use). Color measurements were done with a spectrophotometer and assessed using the CIE L*a*b* colorimetric system (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks). Data were analyzed using the three-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05). Results: Tukey's post hoc test revealed a significant change in color in the Acropars denture base for the distilled water group compared to the ozonated water and 1% hypochlorite (p<0.05). Regarding the ProBase Hot denture base, significantly less color change was observed in the 1% hypochlorite group compared to the ozonated water and distilled water (p≤0.001). For the denture teeth, significantly less color change was seen in the distilled water group than in the ozonated water (p=0.015) and 1% hypochlorite (p<0.05) groups. Conclusion: The color change of denture bases and denture tooth in ozonated water are acceptable. Ozonated water can be considered a good disinfectant for cleaning dentures.

Channa Striata and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Combination for Pressure Areas in Orthodontic Treatment

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of using a combination of Channa Striata gel and hyperbaric oxygen therapy on pressure areas during orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: The study was conducted using the ARRIVE Essential 10 guidelines. In this study, 35 3-4 months male guinea pigs (Cavia Cobaya) weighing 300-400 grams were used and divided into 5 groups (n=7). Decalcification was performed to dissolve the dental calcium and jawbone to cut the tissue properly. The decalcification was performed for 30 days. Then preparations were made with HE (Hematoxylin Eosin), observed using a microscope, and counted the number of osteoclasts and macrophages on a light microscope with 400 times magnification. The results of the preparations were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test of macrophage cells and the ANOVA test of osteoclast cells showed significant results between all groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy 2,4 ATA administered on days 8-14 and Channa Striata extract gel administered on days 3-14 can increase the number of macrophages in the periodontal ligament and osteoclasts in the alveolar bone in the pressure area during orthodontic tooth movement.

Cyperus esculentus L. protects testis and sperm morphology of hyperglycaemic rats / Cyperus esculentus L. protege la morfología de los testículos y los espermatozoides de ratas hiperglicémicas

Cyperus esculentus L. (tiger nut) is a tuberous plant that promotes and protects reproductive functions, which are usually hampered in diabetics. The present study investigated the effect of Cyperus esculentus tuber extract (CETE) on testicular histology and sperm viability of alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic Wistar rats. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 150-200g and grouped into five (n=5): Group 1, the control, administered tap water (20mL/kg), while groups 2-5 were administered a single intraperitoneal dose (120mg/kg b.w.) of alloxan, and each further received orally tap water (20mL/kg), CETE (100mg/kg), CETE (500 mg/kg) and metformin (500 mg/kg), respectively for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed, their sperm collected for analysis, while the testes were harvested, and processed for histology. Results showed significantly increased (p<0.05) blood glucose and testosterone, and significantly decreased (p<0.05) sperm pH, motility, count, morphology and density, as well as disruptions and hypertrophy of the spermatogenic and Sertoli cells of the hyperglycaemic group. There were significant (p<0.05) blood glucose decline, while the sperm parameters and testicular weight improved with normal testicular histology in the 100 mg/kg CETE, 500 mg/kg CETE, and metformin-treated groups compared to the control and hyperglycaemic group. Treatment with CETE showed blood glucose amelioration and improved sperm quality, as well as testicular damage attenuation.

Cyperus esculentus L. es una planta tuberosa que promueve y protege las funciones reproductivas, que generalmente se ven afectadas en los diabéticos. El presente estudio investigó el efecto del extracto de tubérculo de Cyperus esculentus (CETE) sobre la histología testicular y la viabilidad de los espermatozoides de ratas wistar con hiperglicemia inducida por alloxan. Veinticinco ratas Wistar macho adultas que pesaban 150-200 g y se agruparon en cinco (n = 5): el grupo 1, el control, administró agua del grifo (20ml / kg), mientras que los grupos 2-5 se les administró una dosis intraperitoneal única (120 mg / kg p.v.) de alloxan, y agua del grifo por vía oral (20ml/kg), CETE (100 mg/kg), CETE (500 mg/kg) y metformina (500 mg/kg), respectivamente durante 21 días. Los animales fueron sacrificados, su esperma recolectada para su análisis, mientras que los testículos fueron retirados y procesados para histología. Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo (p<0,05) de la glucosa en sangre y la testosterona, y una disminución significativa (p<0,05) del pH, la motilidad, el recuento, la morfología y la densidad de los espermatozoides, así como interrupciones e hipertrofia de las células espermatogénicas y sertoli del grupo hiperglucémico. Hubo una disminución significativa (p<0,05) de la glucosa en sangre, mientras que los parámetros espermáticos y el peso testicular mejoraron con la histología testicular normal en los grupos de 100 mg / kg de CETE, 500 mg / kg de CETE y tratados con metformina en comparación con el grupo de control e hiperglucémico. El tratamiento con CETE mostró una mejora de la glucosa en sangre y una mejora de la calidad de los espermatozoides, así como atenuación del daño testicular.

Herbal supplements in Jordan: a cross-sectional survey of pharmacists' perspectives and knowledge.

OBJECTIVES: Pharmacists are ideal partners for engaging with the needs and expectations of patients. They can play a vital role by providing information and supplying herbal medicines. In some community settings, pharmacists are also the main first point of care. This study explored Jordanian community pharmacists' perspectives and knowledge of herbal medicines available in pharmacies. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using an online survey was developed, and it was distributed via social media platforms. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the mean knowledge scores between different demographic groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of herbal medicines knowledge. SETTING: Jordanian community pharmacies. PARTICIPANTS: 401 Jordanian community pharmacists. RESULTS: Herbal supplements are sold in practically all pharmacies (98.5%). Slimming aids (14.7%), followed by sexual and sports enhancements (14%) and maintaining general health (12.1%) were most requested by Jordanian customers. While supplements for maintaining general health (12%), followed by slimming aids (11.4%) and skin conditions (9.3%) were most recommended by Jordanian pharmacists. 63.1% were not aware of potential herb-drug interactions, 95.6% did not receive complaints from customers about herbal medicines and 41.2% would not report adverse reactions to the national pharmacovigilance services. The mean knowledge score for knowledge of use, regulation, adverse reactions, and drug interactions was 3.7 (SD: 0.7), 3.5 (SD: 0.8), 3.6 (SD: 0.8), and 3.6 (SD: 0.8) (out of 5), respectively. ANOVA test showed that total pharmacists' knowledge scores significantly differed based on the length of time practising pharmacy (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study highlights some key concerns relating to recommendations, awareness and reporting of herbal medicines among Jordanian community pharmacists. Pharmacists need enhanced education to provide objective and evidence-based information on the benefits-risks of herbal medicines. Future studies need to be carried out to confirm whether our findings are transferable to other Middle Eastern countries.

Análise comparativa do tratamento do ardor bucal com terapia a laser de baixa intensidade e estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea: um ensaio clínico randomizado / Comparative analysis of the treatment of burning mouth with low-intensity laser therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a randomized clinical trial

Introdução: O manejo de pacientes com ardor bucal é um desafio no cotidiano clínico da odontologia. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito da Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade (LLLT) e da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) no tratamento do ardor bucal. Metodologia: Ensaio clínico randomizado constituído por 25 pacientes com ardor bucal que foram tratados por TENS (n=12) e por LLLT (n=13). Os protocolos de tratamento foram aplicados semanalmente por 8 semanas. O teste análise de variância (ANOVA) dois fatores foi usado para verificar se existia diferença significativa entre os tempos T0 (antes de iniciar o tratamento), T1 (após a 4ª sessão de tratamento), T2 (após a 8ª sessão de tratamento) e T3 (30 dias após o término do tratamento) em relação aos sintomas, analisados por meio da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), fluxo salivar não estimulado, xerostomia e disgeusia com as intervenções de TENS e LLLT. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo feminino no período pós-menopausa com média de idade no grupo TENS de 59,25 anos e no grupo LLLT de 62,08. Hipertensão e dislipidemia foram as alterações sistêmicas mais frequentes. Ansiedade e depressão foram os únicos transtornos psiquiátricos relados. A maioria dos pacientes fazia uso de medicamentos como anti-hipertensivos e antidepressivos. Não foram observadas variações expressivas no que se refere a xerostomia e a disgeusia nos dois grupos analisados. A TENS e a LLLT foram eficazes na redução dos sintomas relatados pelos pacientes (p˂0,001), entretanto, observou-se entre os tempos T2 e T3 que o grupo LLLT apresentou uma melhor resposta quando comparado ao TENS (p=0,003). Os pacientes do grupo TENS apresentaram aumento do fluxo salivar entre os tempos T1 e T2, enquanto o grupo LLLT apresentou uma diminuição (p=0,052). Conclusão: A TENS e a LLLT foram eficazes na redução dos sintomas do ardor bucal durante o tratamento e 30 dias após o término do tratamento, sendo que o grupo LLLT apresentou uma melhor resposta na sessão de acompanhamento pós-tratamento quando comparado ao grupo TENS (AU).

Introduction: The management of patients with burning mouth is a challenge in the clinical routine of dentistry. Objective: To compare the effect of Low Intensity Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in the treatment of burning mouth. Methodology: Randomized clinical trial consisting of 25 patients with burning mouth who were treated with TENS (n=12) and LLLT (n=13). Treatment protocols were applied weekly for 8 weeks. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to verify whether there was a significant difference between the times T0 (before starting treatment), T1 (after the 4th treatment session), T2 (after the 8th treatment session) and T3 (30 days after the end of treatment) in relation to symptoms, analyzed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), unstimulated salivary flow, xerostomia and dysgeusia with TENS and LLLT interventions. Results: Most patients were female in the postmenopausal period, with a mean age of 59.25 years in the TENS group and 62.08 in the LLLT group. Hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most frequent systemic alterations. Anxiety and depression were the only psychiatric disorders reported. Most patients used drugs such as antihypertensives and antidepressants. Significant variations were not observed with regard to xerostomia and dysgeusia in the two groups analyzed. TENS and LLLT were effective in reducing the symptoms reported by patients (p˂0.001), however, it was observed between times T2 and T3 that the LLLT group showed a better response when compared to TENS (p=0.003). Patients in the TENS group showed an increase in salivary flow between times T1 and T2, while the LLLT group showed a decrease (p=0.052). Conclusion: TENS and LLLT were effective in reducing the symptoms of burning mouth during treatment and 30 days after the end of treatment, and the LLLT group showed a better response in the posttreatment follow-up session when compared to the TENS group (AU).

Lesiones bucales, factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal y autopercepción de irritación mecánica crónica en una campaña de prevención en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Oral lesions, oral cancer risk factors and self-perception of chronic mechanical irritation in a prevention campaign in Buenos Aires City

Objetivos: i) Describir las características poblaciona- les, la frecuencia de patologías de mucosa bucal y de factores de riesgo asociados al cáncer bucal en una Campaña de Pre- vención y Diagnóstico Precoz de Cáncer Bucal (CPDPCB) en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires; ii) establecer concordancia entre diagnóstico clínico profesional de irritación mecánica crónica (IMC) y autopercepción de trauma. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descrip- tivo retrospectivo, en el que se utilizaron encuestas de 640 pa- cientes que participaron en las CPDPCB del Servicio de Odon- tología del Hospital Alemán entre los años 2016, 2017 y 2018. Se describen las variables demográficas, clínicas y cognitivas, y se analizan empleando chi cuadrado para variables cualitativas y ANOVA para variables cuantitativas comparando los años de campaña. Se realizó un estudio de concordancia entre el diag- nóstico clínico profesional de IMC y el trauma autopercibido mediante test Kappa, sensibilidad y especificidad. Resultados: Los sujetos participantes fueron predomi- nantemente mayores de edad, con bajo consumo de tabaco y alcohol. El porcentaje de pacientes con desórdenes potencial- mente malignos y cáncer bucal fue de 17,2%. La cartelería del hospital y la radio fueron las principales vías de información a los pacientes. El trauma autopercibido no presentó concor- dancia con el diagnóstico clínico profesional de IMC, y mos- tró sensibilidad de 0,41 y especificidad de 0,72. Conclusiones: El nivel de participación de los grupos de mayor riesgo de CBCE en la CPDPCB es bajo, y el perfil epidemiológico de los participantes no coincide generalmente con el perfil de los pacientes con CBCE. La autopercepción de trauma no sería una herramienta confiable para el diagnóstico de IMC (AU)

Aims: i) To describe population characteristics, frequency of oral mucosa pathologies, and risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a Campaign for the Prevention and Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer (CPEDOC), and ii) to establish concordance between professional clinical diagnosis of chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) and self-perception of trauma. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed using surveys of 640 patients who had participated in the CPEDOC conducted by the Dentistry Ser- vice at the Hospital Alemán during 2016, 2017 and 2018. De- mographic, clinical and cognitive variables were described and analyzed, using chi-square for qualitative variables and ANOVA for quantitative variables, to compare campaign years. Concordance was studied between the professional clinical diagnosis of CMI and self-perceived trauma using the Kappa test, sensitivity and specificity. Results: Participants were predominantly older, with low consumption of tobacco and alcohol. The percentage of patients with potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer was 17.2%. Hospital posters and radio broadcasting were the main channels of information to patients. Self-perceived trauma did not agree with the professional clinical diagnosis of CMI. Self-perceived trauma sensitivity and specificity were 0.41 and 0.72, respectively. Conclusions: The level of participation in the CPEDOC by the groups at higher risk of OSCC was low, and the epide- miological profile of the participants did not generally coincide with the profile of patients with OSCC. Self-perception of trau- ma does not seem to be a reliable tool for the diagnosis of CMI (AU)

Composición química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. frente a Enterococcus faecalis / Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. against Enterococcus faecalis

Introducción: Las infecciones recurrentes en el sistema de conductos radiculares son atribuidas principalmente a la presencia de especies como Enterococcus faecalis, lo que hace necesario el estudio de sustancias alternativas al hipoclorito de sodio que puedan ser empleadas como irrigantes de los conductos y mejorar la tasa de éxito de tratamiento. Objetivo: Identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. (orégano) y evaluar su actividad antibacateriana frente a E. Faecalis ATCC 29212. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio experimental in vitro. El Origanum vulgare L. se recolectó en la provincia de Tarata, Tacna, Perú. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por método de arrastre de vapor y una muestra fue sometida a cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas en un equipo cromatográfico QP2010 (Ultra Shimazu) equipado con una columna DB-5 MS para identificar sus constituyentes. La actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial se evaluó a través del método de difusión de disco en agar cerebro-corazón con concentraciones desde 2,261 a 27,132 mg/µL. El cálculo de las repeticiones se realizó con el programa EPi infoTM. Adicionalmente, se identificó la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la concentración mínima bactericida del aceite esencial. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de los datos y se aplicó la prueba ANOVA de un factor para comparar los valores medios de los halos de inhibición de las distintas concentraciones. Se adoptó un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Resultados: Se identificaron 20 constituyentes, siendo los principales compuestos alpha.-pinene (24,44 por ciento) y 1,6-Ocatien-3-ol,3,7,7dimethyl (12,52 por ciento). E. Faecalis fue muy sensible (++) y extremadamente sensible (+++) a concentraciones mayores a 15,827 mg/µL del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. Todas las concentraciones inhibieron el crecimiento bacteriano, mientras que las concentraciones mayores de 14,018 mg/µL fueron bactericidas. Conclusiones: Los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. fueron .alpha.-Pinene y Cis-.beta.-Terpineol. Además, se demostró un importante efecto antibacteriano frente a Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212(AU)

Introduction: Recurrent infections in the root canal system are mainly attributed to the presence of species such as Enterococcus faecalis. It is therefore necessary to study substances other than sodium hypochlorite which may be used as irrigants for the canals, thus improving the success rate of the treatment. Objective: Identify the chemical composition of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and evaluate its antibacterial activity against E. faecalis ATCC 29212. Methods: An in vitro experimental study was conducted. Origanum vulgare L. was collected from the province of Tarata, Tacna, Peru. The essential oil was obtained by steam entrainment, and a sample was subjected to gas chromatography / mass spectrometry in a QP2010 chromatograph (Ultra Shimadzu) equipped with a DB-5 MS column to identify its constituents. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated by the brain heart agar disk diffusion method at concentrations ranging from 2 261 to 27 132 mg/µl. The software EPi InfoTM was used to estimate the repetitions. Additionally, identification was performed of the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of the essential oil. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis and one-factor ANOVA was performed to compare the mean values of inhibition haloes at the different concentrations. A significance level of p < 0.05 was established. Results: Twenty constituents were identified. The main compounds were .alpha.-pinene (24.44 percent) and 1,6-Ocatien-3-ol,3,7,7dimethyl (12.52 percent). E. Faecalis was very sensitive (++) and extremely sensitive (+++) to concentrations above 15 827 mg/µl of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. All the concentrations inhibited bacterial growth, and concentrations above 14 018 mg/µl were bactericidal. Conclusions: The main constituents of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. were .alpha.-pinene and cis-.beta.-terpineol. Additionally, the essential oil was shown to display considerable antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212(AU)